SUSTAINABLE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS: THE RIGHT STRUCTURE, IDENTITY, SKILLS, AND TECHNOLOGY.

The demands of the pharmaceutical profession are changing professionally. With the current brain drain in Nigeria due to the “japa” syndrome, an increase in the experience of poor health outcomes due to inequality or lack of access to medications, medical information, and health-care services is rampant. Hence there is a crucial need to reposition pharmaceutical care within the healthcare space. This can be done identification of the right structure, identity of service providers, technical skills, and technology. This will pave a way for increased access of patients to healthcare through the pharmaceutical service arms such as the community and hospital pharmacies. Increase in utilization of skilled Pharmacists as health care first respondents will bridge the gap in access to health information especially where availability of other medical personnels is deficient. Sustaining the present health care systems and improving patient outcomes can be achieved when academia and practice merge to ensure seamless implementation of research results.  Market and technology disruptors are challenging the traditional service delivery and funding model which could impact the practice and sustainability of Pharmacy. This also brings new opportunities for Pharmacy practice via provision of services, these include point of care tests for Malaria, typhoid, and HIV, immunization for children and for adults above the age of 65 years to mention a few. This can be effectively used for larger implementation within the healthcare systems when the right structure, skills and technology are utilized by pharmacists and properly documented. Supporting the Pharmacy profession by developing a vision for the future of pharmacy which recognizes and incorporates emerging disruptions, will help pharmacists identify opportunities to take advantage of these changes.

This current issue consists of 18 research papers authored by researchers within Nigeria and in the diaspora. The published works features a paper on Pharmacists-led diabetes care in Nigeria (2000-2022): A systematic review which is in tandem with identification of sustainable health systems and how pharmacist are showing relevance in these spaces; Translational Herbal Medicines Availability: A Necessity to Ensure Medicine Security in Nigeria; Bacteriological Evaluation Of Nigerian Currency Notes From Selected Handlers In Ilesha Metropolis Of Osun State, Nigeria; a novel research on the Protective Effect of hydroethanolic extract of Datura metel leaves against Nicotine induced toxicity in albino rats amongst others.

Many thanks from us, goes to the authors and reviewers who have contributed and supported the journal up to date. Please enjoy Volume 57 (1), March/April issue 2023 of PSNNJP and follow website of the journal for news.

Kind regards,

Dr. Margaret ILOMUANYA (B.Pharm. PhD)
Editor in Chief

The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy is a publication of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria which publishes original research papers, critical reviews, systematic reviews, and short communications in all areas of Pharmacy Practice. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy is pivotal in strengthening the pharmaceutical sector through publishing of timely and innovative research outcomes. The theme of the 95^th Annual National Conference of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria is aptly Medicines security in an unstable economy. This theme reflects the need to have increased indigenous input into all the cadres of drug manufacturing on a regional level. The onslaughts of infectious and highly communicable disease have taught us that regional alignment in building structures to save guard drug production is critical for the survival of every country. In as much as we cannot be totally self-reliant for our pharmaceutical needs, we must be able to begin to forge paths towards that self-reliance. This can be done by harnessing home-grown technologies that are suited for our own peculiar health care systems. Academia must work with industry in API production, industry must liaise with drug regulators to promote indigenous manufacturing. And of course, our colleagues in the community and hospital settings must work to utilizing locally produced medicines. This will in turn foster more novel research and the cycle goes on. This has been aptly written in the review by Iwuchukwu E., Anukwu I et al, titled

Medicine Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Improving Access to Drugs Via Utilization of Novel Technologies. Of note is the collaborative research spear headed by the Pharmacy team from the Military hospitals setting in Lagos, who looked at Antimicrobial Drug Prescription Patterns for Respiratory Tract Infections in their hospital setting. This was done with a view to be able to predict medication use and ensure rational drug use. This collaboration of health care professionals will ensure that guideline recommendations are followed in such centres to the benefit of the patients who of course should always at the centre of care. This current issue consists of 24 research papers authored by researchers within Nigeria and in the diaspora. The published works features a paper on Preliminary study on the anti-bacterial activity of 2 cultivars of Acalypha wilkesiana on bacterial isolates of clinical significance; Availability, and price of anti-hypertensives and antidiabetics in public and private health facilities in Jos, Plateau State and environs North Central Nigeria; Preparation and characterization of Self-disintegrating fast dissolving valsartan tablets using novel hybridized polymer comprising Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Acacia gum amongst others. Many thanks from us, goes to the authors and reviewers who have contributed and supported the journal up to date. Please enjoy Volume 56 (2), September/October issue 2022 of PSNNJP and follow website of the journal for news.

Kind regards,

Dr. Margaret ILOMUANYA (B.Pharm., MSc., PhD)
Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENT

The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy is a publication of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria which publishes original research papers, critical reviews, systematic reviews, and short communications in all areas of Pharmacy Practice. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy is pivotal in strengthening the pharmaceutical sector through publishing of timely and innovative research outcomes. We welcome you all to interact with our new website psnnjp.org which is positioned to facilitate increased visibility for published research. Within the scope of the studies carried out all corresponding authors are now mandated to use ORCID information which has international validity in a bid to streamline ownership of research and amid name similarities in scientific research materials. With the declining in new cases of COVID in Nigeria, pharmaceutical care and health systems supported by strong supply chains must be able to provide frontline health workers with access to the medicines, healthcare commodities and equipment required to tackle other health emergencies prevalent in sub–Saharan African. Health care professionals can only achieve this via utilization of translatable research data obtained through strong collaborative programs within the health care space. This is evidenced by the some of the research that is being published in this current Volume 56 (1), 2022. Of note is the collaborative research spear headed by the Pharmacy department at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State in collaboration with the department Paediatrics and Anaesthesia in the same hospital, on Prescription of medicines for the management of childhood acute watery diarrhoea. This collaboration of health care professionals will ensure that guideline recommendations are followed in such centres to the benefit of the patients who of course should always at the centre of care. This current issue consists of 19 research papers authored by researchers within Nigeria and in the diaspora. These include Perceptions of the roles and impact of clinical pharmacists by students in health-related disciplines in a Nigerian university; Natural products-characterized moringa oleifera leaves methanolic extract and anti-diabetic properties mechanisms of its fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; Effect of Nevirapine-based Antiretroviral Therapy on the Treatment Outcome of Uncomplicated Malaria with Artemether-Lumefantrine among HIV-infected children to mention a few.

Many thanks from us, goes to the authors and reviewers who have contributed and supported the journal up to date. Please enjoy Volume 56 (1), March/April issue 2022 of PSNNJP and follow website of the journal for upcoming news.

Kind regards,

Dr. Margaret ILOMUANYA (B.Pharm., MSc., PhD)

Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
In production since 1961, the Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy (NJP) has successfully become the most iconic print of science and society news in Nigeria. With contributions from the Academia, hospital pharmacy practice, community pharmacy practice, industrial pharmacy practice, public health pharmacy practice and other technical specialties, it remains a rich resource for the state of the art and science of Pharmacy practice in Nigeria.

One significant event since the last edition has been the change in governance of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN). These changes however internal, have tremendous impact on the practice of the profession of pharmacy in Nigeria and ultimately on access to pharmaceutical products and services to the Nigerian people. Responsible for leading the pharmaceutical profession, the President of the PSN is also the chief advocate for access to qualitative medicines in Nigeria. Acknowledged as an important stakeholder in the entire pharmaceutical value chain (and increasingly for consumables in health), healthcare service delivery value chain and an economic power house, the PSN is represented by its President in determining the policy direction for the government of Nigeria, in the best interest of Nigerians. This policy direction is pontificated to in the speech delivered by the newly elected President of the PSN, Mazi Sam Ohuabunwa, OFR, MON, NPOM, FPSN.

Also in keeping with tradition, we have presented a number of original research work. From investigations of natural products for pharmacological action, to exploration of new drug delivery systems that promise improved biopharmaceutical performance. Our researchers have contributed a varying array representing research excellence from pharmaceutical science disciplines that will spur your creativity and inspire a new world.

Importantly, we take a look at Management excellence. A qualitative exploration of a management consultant in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

These and many more make up the fantastic piece in your hand. We look forward to your reviews and letters to the editor.

Editor In Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
In production since 1961, the Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy (NJP) has successfully become the most iconic print of science and society news in Nigeria. With contributions from the Academia, hospital pharmacy practice, community pharmacy practice, industrial pharmacy practice, public health pharmacy practice and other technical specialties, it remains a rich resource for the state of the art and science of Pharmacy practice in Nigeria.

The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacys legacy edition promotes and celebrates leadership and development through political leadership in the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria. In this edition, we celebrate none other than the President of the PSN, Honorary Consul General of Pakistan to Nigeria, the Enyi Dioranma of Umuzike 1 of Orlu, the Amanyabo Ikiabo of Kala-Ogoloma Kingdom, Alhaji Ahmed I. Yakasai, FPSN, FNAPharm, FPCPharm, FNIM, FPEFON as he bows out of the office of the PSN president. Haven had an accomplished run in the last three years, uplifting the profession of pharmacy, we take a look at some highlights of his presidency. The editorial board wishes him fulfilling years ahead.

In this issue, we take a deep dive into the issue of medicines quality, an important issue affecting treatment outcomes and resulting into higher than average morbidity and mortality. We x-ray, through the eyes of an expert, efforts being made to assure the quality of medicines produced locally. The Promoting Quality of Medicines programme in Nigeria is a USAID/ USP that works with NAFDAC, Local Manufacturers and other patners to strengthen national regulatory systems, increase capacity to detect substandard, falsified and unapproved medical products, increase supply of quality assured essential medicines, and increase evidence based decision-making.

Also, in this edition we consider the often overlooked Youth population and service provision to this subset of the population of Nigeria. The Nigerian policy environment is changing rapidly, this CPD article uses a case work to help you understand provision of contraceptice services to Youth and stimulate your interest to learn more.

The research section is filled with original research, from natural chemistry to regulatory science and drug development. We have submissions from the wide array of the pharmacy specialties. It promises to be a useful resource for those interested in new methods and applications. We have also published the abstracts submitted for the conference.

These and many more make up the fantastic piece in your hand. We look forward to your reviews and letters to the editor.

Editor In Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
There were several considerations leading up to this edition of the journal, chief of which is how to present the different parts making up this unique edition. It was in aim to ensure that the journal truly lives up to its billing as the official organ of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, the foremost association of healthcare professionals.

In production since 1961, the Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy (NJP) has successfully become the most iconic print of science and society news in Nigeria. With contributions from the Academia, hospital pharmacy practice, community pharmacy practice, industrial pharmacy practice, public health pharmacy practice and other technical specialties, it remains a rich resource for the state of the art and science of Pharmacy practice in Nigeria.

In continuing with this tradition, it was important to x-ray current realities in the profession- policy and funding of health by the government. First, we considered the governments policy on cough syrups containing codeine and the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigerias response (including the underlying philosophy). Secondly, we take a critical look at the funding of health budgets and the options available for Pharmacists to strengthen the value chain, while ensuring quality is built into the process.

We have sought to document the experiences of pharmacists in Nigeria. All of the documented experiences are aspirational and we can all learn from them. More significantly, they help us prepare to begin filling some of the objectives raised in the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) document- Pharmaceutical Workforce Development Goals in 2016.

This edition makes a bold step into considering the all-important concept of the Pharmacists Patient Care Plan and its applications in patient care, with a case study to root. We were also able to bring to you one of the first responses to the 71st World Health Assembly held 21 - 26th may, 2018 in Geneva, Switzerland.

The research section is filled with original research, from natural chemistry to regulatory science and drug development. We have submissions from the wide array of the pharmacy specialties. It promises to be a useful resource for those interested in new methods and applications.

These and many more make up the fantastic piece in your hand. We look forward to your reviews and letters to the editor.

Editor In Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
How time flies!

The baton changed from one Editor in Chief to another 3 years ago. And just like that, three years have flown past in the twinkle of an eye. The baton is changing again from one Editor in Chief to another this year.

The baton is also changing for some other positions in NEC along with the Editor in Chief such as the National Secretary, National Treasurer and the Internal Auditor.

I, however, welcome you as usual to sit back and enjoy the conference edition of your journal with the Cover story of Discussions on Technology and Digitalization in Pharmacy. It promises to open your eyes to how your practice can be enhanced.

Original research section is not left out as usual.

The journal is still forging ahead with its production on Viewpoint which may be the last for this season. Viewpoint this time around is on Blaze of Glory as the current writer wants to leave in a blaze of glory, calling it a day for the series.

The Editorial team has been wonderful particularly the Chairman, Prof Cyril Usifoh FPSN. Nice working with all of you. Thank you for giving ideas and suggestions to move the journal forward.

I wish to thank the reviewers who have helped in reviewing various manuscripts without any compensation. You have really proven to me you are Men of Honour who have joined hands with me for the success of this journal.

The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy is now online, www.psnnjp.com. The June edition is online as well as all the editions under my editorship in the newer archive while this conference edition will be seen as the current edition though hard copies are available at the Conference as well. Work is ongoing to make older editions available in the archives as well and very soon all original and review articles, as well as short communication (cameos) will be available online as scanned pdf copies of the Journal itself. This brings us a significant step closer to proper indexing and ranking of our Journal.

Permit me to use this medium to gratefully thank NEC and all pharmacists via the AGM for the confidence reposed in me to serve as the Editor in Chief of the Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy. I have learnt a lot about the intricacies of this profession and my eyes have been opened to the need for effective collaboration across the profession. I am most grateful.

Enjoy reading.

Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
World Health Day is celebrated on 7 April every year to mark the anniversary of the founding of World Health Organization. It provides us with a unique opportunity to mobilize action around a specific health topic of concern to people all over the world. The theme for 2017 World Health Day is depression. There is a beautiful write-up by the President, Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, Pharm. Ahmed .I. Yakasai.

The write up on Depression by the President will serve as the Healthy living in this edition.

Original research section is still waxing strong. There are interesting articles for us to enjoy in the section.

Viewpoint is not left out. This time around, Viewpoint is on Arise, O Compatriots which focuses on the State of the Nation as to the danger of ethnic issues staring us in the eye. We are encouraged as a people, to arise and serve our father land with love, strength and faith.

Enjoy reading.

Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
Here comes the conference edition of the journal for POWER STATE 2016 (89th Annual National Conference of PSN at Hon. Justice Idris Legbo Kutigi International Conference Centre, Minna, Niger State, Nov 7th to 12th 2016). We are all welcome to Minna, capital of Niger State.

The Cover story in this edition is on journey of PharmD in Nigeria, in two versions, academic and politics, from those who have seen it all and from different perspectives.

Viewpoint is focused on Art of Writing which tells us we all should be improving on our writing skills regularly otherwise we may be communicating unintended messages to our audience because in todays world, we are all writers

The Healthy Living segment is about Health Triangle which is a combination of physical, social and mental health.

The Original Research section is still waxing strong. Interesting articles are available for your consumption.

The abstracts for presentation at the poster session during the conference are compiled in this edition for your perusal and easy access.

The CPC under the leadership of Pharm. Gbenga Olubowale FPSN and the LOC under the leadership of Pharm Hamza Yahaya have promised us education and entertainment at this conference and I know they will deliver so prepare to learn, enjoy and network maximally.

Enjoy reading and have a nice time at the conference.

Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
A year after elections in Nigeria, changes have continued in the country. Some are/have been easy while others are not so easy.

In the same vein, the baton has changed in some positions in PSN NEC including the President, Deputy Presidents (North and South), Assistant National Secretary, National Publicity Secretary, Unofficial members and of course, the Immediate Past President. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy joins all pharmacists to welcome all the newly elected officers on board. Truly, as Men of Honour, We Join Hands.

Original research section is still waxing strong. This is a very important component of the Journal. Other segments of the Journal are also well represented including Viewpoint which enjoins us to be profession minded. Healthy living segment is on the DASH diet which can be a diet for everyone and not just the hypertensives or pre-hypertensives.

Enjoy reading.

Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
Here comes the conference edition of the journal for UNITY 2015 (88th PSN Conference, International Conference Centre, Abuja, Nov 9th to 14th 2015). We are all welcome to Abuja, capital city of Nigeria.

The Cover story in this edition is on Pharmacy and the Sustained Development Goals (SDGs). Pharmacists are implored to incorporate the health targets of the SDGs into their various practices.

Two Viewpoints are presented this time around; one is focused on pharmaceutical public health while the other is on projected gains of chain pharmacies.

The Healthy Living segment looks at diet and exercise and I believe that you will gain one or two things from the write up.

As usual, the Original research section is not left out. Interesting articles for your consumption are presented along with 2 reprints from the last edition necessitated because of printers demon.

As has been done for a number of years now, the abstracts for presentation at the poster session during the conference are compiled in this edition for easy access.

The Young Pharmacist Group Nigeria (YPG-N) did us proud during the last FIP which held in Dusseldorf, Germany producing two officers namely Pharm. Seun Omobo as Chairman of the Young Pharmacists Group (YPG) of FIP and Pharm. Tosin Adeyemi as Project Director.

The CPC under the leadership of Pharm. Gbenga Falabi,MAW and the LOC under the leadership of Pharm. Superior Atumen have promised us an entertaining and educative experience at this conference and I know they will deliver so prepare to participate maximally.

Enjoy reading and have a good conference.

Editor in Chief

EDITORIAL COMMENTS
Year 2015 has been a year of elections and changes in the country. We expect positive changes to many issues in the country and we expect that this will rub off on our profession as well.

The baton has changed in some positions in PSN NEC including the Editor in Chief.The good work of previous Editor in Chiefs continues because as Men of Honour We Join Hands. Some projects and ideas are already in the pipeline, these will be concluded while new ideas to move the journal forward will be actualized.

The elections in the first quarter of the year slowed down many things because the populace wanted to see how the wind will blow before making any serious decisions either in business or any other serious activities. This has affected the publication of the first edition of the journal this year. We thank God that there was peace during and after the elections. Handing over is around the corner too and we pray for peace.

The journal is still forging ahead with continuing education which this time around is on responding to symptoms in dermatology and ophthalmology.

Viewpoint is about Mentoring with benefits to both mentor and mentee. Healthy living too is still on course.

Original research section is not left out. Some abstracts for IBOM 2014 (PSN 87th Annual conference 2014 in Akwa Ibom) including the award winning abstract are now full papers published in this edition.

The first ever Pharmacy Education Summit of the Nigeria Academy of Pharmacy in collaboration with Pharmacists Council of Nigeria and supported by the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria took place between April 22nd to 24th, 2015. It was a great occasion for pharmacy education in Nigeria. The summary of the plenaries is presented here.

Enjoy reading.

Editor in Chief

JULY-AUGUST-SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER