The antidiabetic effect of the lime juice (citrus aurantifolia) extract of Ficus exasperata in streptozotocin-induced rats
https://doi.org/10.51412/psnnjp.2023.20
Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Ficus exasperata, insulin tolerance, lime juice, streptozotocinAbstract
Background: Diabetes is a chronic incapacitating illness that imposes a huge burden on global healthcare. The leaves of Ficus exasperata soaked in lime juice are adopted in folkloric unconventional medicine to treat diabetes. This study was aimed at determining the protective effect of lime juice extract of Ficus exasperata (LFE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in rats.
Methods: LFE (50, 250, or 500mg/kg) or vehicle was administered before the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), or after establishing diabetes mellitus in the STZ model, in rats. One-hour post-treatment on days 7 and 14, fasting blood glucose and weight were recorded, which was followed by assessment of biochemical, antioxidant and histological parameters. Results: LFE produced dose-dependent and significant control of glycemic index with peak effect at 500mg/kg in OGTT and ITT when compared with vehicle treated control. In addition, LFE also reversed STZ-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in selected organs when compared with vehicle-treated control group. Similarly, STZ-induced hepatic damage, anemia, and immunosuppression were also reversed by LFE administration.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed the beneficial effect of lime juice extract of Ficus exasperata in the management of diabetic mellitus through increase in antioxidant defense signaling
References
American Diabetes Association. (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. Volume 33(Supplement_1): S62-9. hƩps://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-S062
Victor, NU. (2021). Environmental Impact of Flooding on Rural Development in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Hazards. Volume 5 : 6 , 2 0 2 1 . hƩps://www.researchgate.net/publicaƟon/357 872101
Uloko A, Musa B, Ramalan M, Gezawa I, Puepet F, UlokoAet al. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Therapy. Volume 9(3):1307- 16. hƩps://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13300-018- 0441-1
Ugwu E, Adeleye O, Gezawa I, Okpe I, Enamino M, Ezeani I. (2019). Predictors of lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: findings from MEDFUN, a multi-center observational study. Journal of foot and ankle research. Volume 12(1):1-8. hƩps://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-019- 0345-y
Salman RA, AlSayyad AS, Ludwig C. (2019). Type 2 diabetes and healthcare resource utilization in the Kingdom of Bahrain. BMC health services r e s e a r c h . V o l u m e 1 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 0 . hƩps://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4795-5
Ali S, Shaikh MA, Shah M, Shah F, Bano R, Shaikh S. (2021). Frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus in hepatitis c virus-infected population visiting tertiary care hospital in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences Nawabshah. (JPUMHS). Volume 11(1):84-7. hƩp://doi.org/10.46536/jpumhs/2021/11.01.2 96
Thakur JS, Nangia R, Singh S. (2021). Progress and challenges in achieving noncommunicable diseases targets for the sustainable development goals. FASEB Bio Advances. Volume 3(8): 563. hƩps://doi.org/10.1096%2Fĩa.2020-00117
Rosalie I, Ekype E. Antidiabetic potentials of common herbal plants and plant products: A glance. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2 0 1 6 ; 4 ( 4 ) : 9 0 - 7 . hƩps://www.florajournal.com/archives/2016/v ol4issue4/PartB/4-3-17-103.pdf
Ahmed F, Ahmed KM, Abedin M, Karim A. Traditional uses and pharmacological potential of Ficus exasperata Vahl. Systematic Reviews in P h a r m a c y . 2 0 1 2 ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 5 . hƩps://doi.org/10.4103/0975-8453.107131
Adewole S, Adenowo T, Naicker T, Ojewole J. (2011). Hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects of Ficus exasperata vahl. (Moraceae) leaf aqueous extract in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(3):275-83. https://doi: 10.4314/ajtcam. v8i3.65290.
Adewole S, Ojo S, Adenowo T, Salako A, Naicker T, Ojewole J. (2012). Effects of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) leaf aqueous extract on the renal function of streptozotocin-treated rats. Folia Morphologica. V o l u m e 7 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . hƩps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22532177/
Jones‐Bolin, S. (2012). Guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals in biomedical research. Current Protocols in Pharmacology, 59(1), A-4B. hƩps://doi.org/10.1002/0471141755.pha04bs5 9
Sofidiya M, Agufobi L, Akindele A, Olowe J, Familoni O. (2012). Effect of Flabellaria paniculata Cav. extracts on gastric ulcer in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. Volume 12:168. hƩps://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-168
Buege J, Aust S. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. In Methods in enzymology.). Academic press. (Vol. 52, pp. 302-310). https:// doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(78)52032-6.
Ellman G. (1959). Quantitation of sulfhydryl DTNB, Ellman's reagent. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959; 82:70-.7. hƩps://doi.org/10.1016/0003- 2697(69)90064-5
Aksenes A, Njaa L. (1981). Determination of catalase activity in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Volume 69B :893-6.
Sun M, Zigma S. (1978). An improved spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase based on epinephrine antioxidation. Anal. Biochem. Volume 90:81- 89. hƩps://doi.org/10.1016/0003- 2697(78)90010-6
Hingorani A, LaMuraglia G, Henke P, Meissner M, Loretz L, Zinszer K, et al. (2016). The management of diabetic foot: a clinical practice guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine. Journal of vascular s u r g e r y . V o l u m e 6 3 ( 2 ) : 3 S - 2 1 S . hƩps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.003
Villeneuve LM, Reddy MA, Natarajan R. (2011). Epigenetics: deciphering its role in diabetes and its chronic complications. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. Volume 38(7):451-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011. 05497.x
Nickerson HD, Dutta S. (2012). Diabetic complications: current challenges and opportunities. Journal of cardiovascular translational research. Volume 5(4):375-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265- 012-9388-1
Mota RI, Morgan SE, Bahnson EM. (2020). Diabetic vasculopathy: macro and microvascular injury. Current pathobiology reports. Volume 8(1):1- 4. https://doi: 10.1007/s40139-020-00205-x
Pérez de Isla L, Alonso R, Mata N, Saltijeral A, Muñiz O, Rubio-Marin P, et al. (2016). Coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke in familial hypercholesterolemia: insights from the SAFEHEART Registry (Spanish Familial H y p e r c h o l e s t e r o l e m i a C o h o r t S t u d y ) . Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. V o l u m e 3 6 ( 9 ) : 2 0 0 4 - 1 0 . https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307514
Deepa P, Sowndhararajan K, Kim S, Park SJ. (2018). A role of Ficus species in the management of d i a b e t e s m e l l i t u s : A r e v i e w. J o u r n a l o f Ethnopharmacology. Volume 215:210-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.045
Hermansen K, Mortensen LS, Hermansen ML. (2008). Combining insulins with oral antidiabetic agents: effect on hyperglycemic control, markers of cardiovascular risk and disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management. Volume 4(3):561. https://doi: 10.2147/vhrm. s1815.
Monnier L, Colette C. (2015). Postprandial and basal hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: contributions to overall glucose exposure and diabetic complications. Diabetes & metabolism. Volume 41(6):6S9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1262- 3636(16)30003-9
Etuk EU. (2010). Rat models for studying diabetes mellitus. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North A m e r i c a . V o l u m e 1 ( 2 ) : 1 3 0 - 4 . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper
Zafar M, Naqvi S. (2010). Effects of STZ-Induced diabetes on the relative weights of kidney, liver, and pancreas in albino rats: a comparative study. International Journal of Morphology. Volume 28(1). https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v28n1/art19.p df
Asmat U, Abad K, Ismail K. (2016). Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress—A concise review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. Volume 24(5):547-53. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.03.013
Irshad M, Chaudhuri PS. (2002) Oxidantantioxidant system: role and significance in the human body. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 4 0 ( 1 1 ) : 1 2 3 3 - 1 2 3 9 . hƩps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13677624/
Alli Smith Y, Aluko B, Faleye F. (2018). Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Ficus exasperata leaves on pro-oxidant induced hepatic and cerebral lipid peroxidation in albino rats in-vitro. International Journal of Herbal M e d i c i n e . V o l u m e 6 ( 3 ) : 2 0 - 4 . https://www.florajournal.com/archives/?year=2018& vol=6&issue=3&part=A&ArticleId=504
Feng R, Wang Q, Tong W, Xiong J, Wei Q, Zhou W, et al. (2015). Extraction and antioxidant activity of flavonoids of Morus nigra. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. Volume 8 ( 1 2 ) : 2 2 3 2 8 . hƩps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arƟcles/PM C4729996/
Abotsi WM, Woode E, Ainooson GK, AmoBarimah AK, Boakye-Gyasi E. (2010). Antiarthriticand antioxidant effects of the leaf extract of Ficus exasperata P. Beauv. (Moraceae). Pharmacognosy R e s e a r c h . V o l u m e 2 ( 2 ) : 8 9 . https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.62958
Alli Smith YR, Aluko BT, Faleye FJ. (2018). Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Ficus exasperata leaves on pro-oxidant induced hepatic and cerebral lipid peroxidation in albino rats in-vitro. International Journal of Herbal M e d i c i n e . V o l u m e 6 ( 3 ) : 2 0 - 4 . https://www.florajournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issu e3/PartA/7-1-600-888.pdf
Gowda S, Desai P, Hull V, Math A, Vernekar N, Kulkarni S. (2009). A review on laboratory liver function tests. The Pan African medical journal. 3:17. hƩps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arƟcles/PM C2984286/
Lala V, Zubair M, Minter D. (2021). "Liver function tests." StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls P u b l i s h i n g . hƩps://creaƟvecommons.org/licenses/by- ncnd/4.0
Oyewole O and Oladele J. (2017). Changes in activities of tissue enzymes in rats administered Ficus exasperata leaf extract. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. Volume 11(1):378- 86. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v11i1.29
Gounden V, Harshil B, Ishwarlal J. (2018). "Renal function tests." StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island ( F L ) . P M I D : 2 9 9 3 9 5 9 8 . https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk507821?utm_s ource=summari&client=bot
Irene I, Iheanacho U. (2007). Acute effect of administration of ethanol extracts of Ficus exasperata Vahl on kidney function in albino rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. Volume 1(2):027-9. hƩps://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000040
Umeh V, Ilodigwe E, Ajaghaku D, Erhirhie E, Moke G, Akah P. (2014). The wound-healing activity of the aqueous leaf extract and fractions of Ficus exasperata (Moraceae) and its safety evaluation on a l b i n o r a t s . J o u r n a l o f Tr a d i t i o n a l a n d Complementary Medicine. Volume 4(4):246- 52. hƩps://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.139105
Adewole S, Ojo S, Adenowo T, Salako A, Naicker T, Ojewole J. (2012). Effects of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) leaf aqueous extract on the renal function of streptozotocin-treated rats. Folia Morphologica. V o l u m e 7 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . hƩps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22532177
Lenzen S. (2008). The mechanisms of alloxan-and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia. V o l u m e 5 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 6 - 2 6 . hƩps://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0886-7
Beji R, Khemir S, Wannes W, Ayari K, Ksouri R. (2018). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant influences of the spice cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicumon) in experimental rats. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 26;54. h Ʃ p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 5 9 0 / s 2 1 7 5 - 97902018000217576
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
